MICROWAVE HEAT TREATMENT OF WASTES (CLAY, GLASS AND COAL ASH) TO MANUFACTURE A HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH CELLULAR AGGREGATE
Keywords:
direct microwave heating, lightweight aggregate, clay waste, glass waste, high energy efficiency
Abstract
The paper presents experimental results obtained in the manufacturing process of a lightweight aggregate using a finely ground mixture of wastes (clay, glass and coal ash) expanded with silicon carbide as a foaming agent. The originality of the work consists in the use of microwave radiation in a direct heating process, the energy efficiency being remarkable (0.58-0.85 kWh/kg), unlike all the manufacturing processes known in the world, industrial or experimental on a small scale. Given that glass alone is not suitable for foaming by direct microwave heating, but the favorable effect of adding glass to clay on the physical and mechanical characteristics of lightweight (expanded) clay aggregate is known, the experiments aimed to determine the maximum allowable proportion of glass in clay without affecting the microstructure of the material. The characteristics of the experimental samples were almost similar to those of industrially manufactured products by conventional methods (0.60-0.69 g/cm3 the apparent density, 0.100-0.116 W/m·K the thermal conductivity, 7.8-8.3 MPa the compression strength, 9.3-17.5% the water absorption).
References
1. Kitchen, H.J., Vallance, S.R., Kennedy, J.L., Tapia-Ruiz, N., Carassiti, L., Harrison, A., Whittaker, A.G., Drysdale, T.D., Kingman, S.W., Gregory, D.H., Modern microwave methods in solid-stste inorganic materials chemistry: From fundamentals to manufacturing, Chemical Review, Vol. 114, pp. 1170-1206, (2013).
2. Wicks, G.G., Clark, D.E., Schultz, R.L., Folz, D.C., Microwave technology for waste management applications including disposition of electronic circuitry, Ceramic Transaction: Microwaves: Theory and Application in Material Processing III, National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, Cincinnati, USA, April, (1995).
3. Jones, D.A., Lelyveld, T.P., Mavrofidis, S.D., Kingman, S.W., Miles, N.J., Microwave heating applications in environmental engineering-a review, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 34, pp. 75-90, (2002).
4. Menéndez, J.A., Arenillas, A., Fidalgo, B., Fernández, Y., Zubizarreta, L., Calvo, E.G., Bermúdez, J.M., Microwave heating processes involving carbon materials, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 91, No. 1, pp. 1-8, (2010).
5. Menezes, R.R., Souto, P.M., Kiminami, R.H.G.A., Microwave fast sintering of ceramic materials, Sintering of Ceramics-New Emerging Technology, pp. 3-26, (2010). https://www.intechopen.com
6. Scarinci, G., Brusatin, G., Bernardo, E., Cellular Ceramics: Structure, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications, Wiley-VCH GmbH & KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, Scheffler, M., Colombo, P. eds., pp. 158-176, (2005).
7. Rawlings, R.D., Wu, J.P., Boccaccini, A.R., Glass-ceramic: Their production from wastes. A review, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 733-761, (2006).
8. Hurley, J., Glass-Research and Development, Final report, A UK market survey for foam glass, The Waste and Resources Action Programme Publication, Banbury, Oxon, UK, (2003).
9. Kharissova, O., Kharissov, B.I, Ruiz Valdés, J.J., Review: The use of microwave irradiation in the processing of glasses and their composites, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 1457-1466, (2010).
10. Knox, M., Copley, G., Use of microwave radiation for the processing of glass, Glass Technology, Vol. 38, No. 3., pp. 91-96, (1997).
11. Paunescu, L., Axinte, S. M., Grigoras, B. T., Dragoescu, M. F., Fiti, A., Testing the use of microwave energy to produce foam glass, European Journal of Engineering Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 8-17, (2017).
12. Kolberg, U., Roemer, M., Reacting of glass, Ceramic Transaction, Vol.111, pp. 517-523, (2001).
13. Paunescu, L., Grigoras, B.T., Dragoescu, M.F., Axinte, S.M., Fiti, A., Foam glass produced by microwave heating technique, Bulletin of Romanian Chemical Engineering Society, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, (2017).
14. Axinte, S.M., Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Sebe, A.C., Manufacture of glass foam by predominantly direct microwave heating of recycled glass waste, Transactions of Networks and Communications, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 37-45, (2019).
15. Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Paunescu, B.V., Foam glass gravel made from glass waste by microwave irradiation, Constructii, Vol. 20, No. 1-2, pp. 35-41, (2019).
16. Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Axinte, S.M., Sebe, A.C., Nonconventional technique for producing high mechanical strength glass foam from glass waste, Journal of Engineering Studies and Research, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 48-55, (2019).
17. Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Axinte, S.M., Sebe, A.C., Lightweight aggregate from recycled masonry rubble achieved in microwave field, Nonconventional Technologies Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 47-51, (2019).
18. LECA-light expanded clay aggregate, (2000). http://www.lecaindia.com
19. Composition of bricks-Function of ingredients, Civil Engineering, (2015). http://www.civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/132-brick-comparison-ingredients-withfunctions
20. Chemical composition and characteristic temperature of soda-lime silica glass, (2019). http://www.reserchgate.net/figure/Chemical-composition-and-temperatures-of-the-soda-lime-silica-glass-used_tbl1_287660504
21. Romero, A.R., Toniolo, N., Boccaccini, A.R., Bernardo, E., Glass-ceramic foams from “weak alkali activation” and gel-casting of waste glass/fly ash mixtures, Material (Basel), Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 588-610, (2019).
22. Rahaman, M.N., Sintering of ceramics, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York, (2007).
23. Islam, S., Sharmin, N., Moniruzzaman, M., Akhtar, U.S., Effect of soda lime silica glass on the basis properties of clay aggregate, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 149-153, April (2016).
24. Manual of weighing applications, Part 1, Density, (1999). http://www.docplayer.net/21731890-Manual-of-weighing-applications-part-1-density_html
25. Anovitz, L.M., Cole, D.R., Characterization and analysis of porosity and pore structures, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 80, pp. 61-164, (2005).
26. Bianchi-Janetti, M., Plaz, T., Ochs, F., Klesnil, O., Feist, W, Thermal conductivity of foam glass gravel: a comparison between experimental data and numerical results, Energy Procedia, Vol. 78, pp. 3258-3268, (2015).
2. Wicks, G.G., Clark, D.E., Schultz, R.L., Folz, D.C., Microwave technology for waste management applications including disposition of electronic circuitry, Ceramic Transaction: Microwaves: Theory and Application in Material Processing III, National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, Cincinnati, USA, April, (1995).
3. Jones, D.A., Lelyveld, T.P., Mavrofidis, S.D., Kingman, S.W., Miles, N.J., Microwave heating applications in environmental engineering-a review, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, Vol. 34, pp. 75-90, (2002).
4. Menéndez, J.A., Arenillas, A., Fidalgo, B., Fernández, Y., Zubizarreta, L., Calvo, E.G., Bermúdez, J.M., Microwave heating processes involving carbon materials, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 91, No. 1, pp. 1-8, (2010).
5. Menezes, R.R., Souto, P.M., Kiminami, R.H.G.A., Microwave fast sintering of ceramic materials, Sintering of Ceramics-New Emerging Technology, pp. 3-26, (2010). https://www.intechopen.com
6. Scarinci, G., Brusatin, G., Bernardo, E., Cellular Ceramics: Structure, Manufacturing, Properties and Applications, Wiley-VCH GmbH & KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, Scheffler, M., Colombo, P. eds., pp. 158-176, (2005).
7. Rawlings, R.D., Wu, J.P., Boccaccini, A.R., Glass-ceramic: Their production from wastes. A review, Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 733-761, (2006).
8. Hurley, J., Glass-Research and Development, Final report, A UK market survey for foam glass, The Waste and Resources Action Programme Publication, Banbury, Oxon, UK, (2003).
9. Kharissova, O., Kharissov, B.I, Ruiz Valdés, J.J., Review: The use of microwave irradiation in the processing of glasses and their composites, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 49, No. 4, pp. 1457-1466, (2010).
10. Knox, M., Copley, G., Use of microwave radiation for the processing of glass, Glass Technology, Vol. 38, No. 3., pp. 91-96, (1997).
11. Paunescu, L., Axinte, S. M., Grigoras, B. T., Dragoescu, M. F., Fiti, A., Testing the use of microwave energy to produce foam glass, European Journal of Engineering Technology, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 8-17, (2017).
12. Kolberg, U., Roemer, M., Reacting of glass, Ceramic Transaction, Vol.111, pp. 517-523, (2001).
13. Paunescu, L., Grigoras, B.T., Dragoescu, M.F., Axinte, S.M., Fiti, A., Foam glass produced by microwave heating technique, Bulletin of Romanian Chemical Engineering Society, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 98-108, (2017).
14. Axinte, S.M., Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Sebe, A.C., Manufacture of glass foam by predominantly direct microwave heating of recycled glass waste, Transactions of Networks and Communications, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 37-45, (2019).
15. Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Paunescu, B.V., Foam glass gravel made from glass waste by microwave irradiation, Constructii, Vol. 20, No. 1-2, pp. 35-41, (2019).
16. Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Axinte, S.M., Sebe, A.C., Nonconventional technique for producing high mechanical strength glass foam from glass waste, Journal of Engineering Studies and Research, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 48-55, (2019).
17. Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M.F., Axinte, S.M., Sebe, A.C., Lightweight aggregate from recycled masonry rubble achieved in microwave field, Nonconventional Technologies Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 47-51, (2019).
18. LECA-light expanded clay aggregate, (2000). http://www.lecaindia.com
19. Composition of bricks-Function of ingredients, Civil Engineering, (2015). http://www.civiltoday.com/civil-engineering-materials/brick/132-brick-comparison-ingredients-withfunctions
20. Chemical composition and characteristic temperature of soda-lime silica glass, (2019). http://www.reserchgate.net/figure/Chemical-composition-and-temperatures-of-the-soda-lime-silica-glass-used_tbl1_287660504
21. Romero, A.R., Toniolo, N., Boccaccini, A.R., Bernardo, E., Glass-ceramic foams from “weak alkali activation” and gel-casting of waste glass/fly ash mixtures, Material (Basel), Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 588-610, (2019).
22. Rahaman, M.N., Sintering of ceramics, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, London, New York, (2007).
23. Islam, S., Sharmin, N., Moniruzzaman, M., Akhtar, U.S., Effect of soda lime silica glass on the basis properties of clay aggregate, International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 149-153, April (2016).
24. Manual of weighing applications, Part 1, Density, (1999). http://www.docplayer.net/21731890-Manual-of-weighing-applications-part-1-density_html
25. Anovitz, L.M., Cole, D.R., Characterization and analysis of porosity and pore structures, Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, Vol. 80, pp. 61-164, (2005).
26. Bianchi-Janetti, M., Plaz, T., Ochs, F., Klesnil, O., Feist, W, Thermal conductivity of foam glass gravel: a comparison between experimental data and numerical results, Energy Procedia, Vol. 78, pp. 3258-3268, (2015).
Published
2020-12-31
How to Cite
Paunescu, L., Dragoescu, M., & Cosmulescu, F. (2020). MICROWAVE HEAT TREATMENT OF WASTES (CLAY, GLASS AND COAL ASH) TO MANUFACTURE A HIGH MECHANICAL STRENGTH CELLULAR AGGREGATE. Nonconventional Technologies Review, 24(4). Retrieved from http://revtn.ro/index.php/revtn/article/view/316
Section
Articles
Copyright (c) 2020 Lucian Paunescu, Marius Florin Dragoescu, Felicia Cosmulescu
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
