The Nonconventional Technologies Review (Revista de Tehnologii Neconvenţionale) is a scientific engineering journal published by Editura Politehnica din Timișoara on behalf of the Romanian Association for Nonconventional Technologies (Asociaţia Română pentru Tehnologii Neconvenţionale – ARTN - www.artn.ro), which has started in 1997, with trimestrial appearance. The publication is addressed to all engineers and scientists interested in nonconventional technologies.
Romanian Association for Nonconventional Technologies
This paper evaluates occupational health and safety (OHS) risks in the electrical discharge machining (EDM) process and examines how different operational scenarios affect these risks. Building on a previous study, four scenarios were tested to determine the most efficient setup in terms of machining time, material removal rate (MRR), and electrode wear rate (EWR), and the most favourable one was identified. The methodology includes mapping the EDM process flow, linking activities to potential risks, assessing probability and severity using a risk matrix, and proposing preventive measures to reduce hazards. The study highlights the scenario that best balances efficiency and safety, demonstrating that proper risk management can optimize employee well-being.
Dimensional processing technologies known as "Concentrated Energy Processing Technologies", "Nonconventional Technologies" or "Alternative Technologies" can be characterized by exceptional dynamics of use, perhaps the highest of all technologies applied in machine building. Practically, these new technologies have gone through all the phases from their "invention" to their wide industrial use in only about 65 years, currently becoming alternative technologies, complementary to classical technologies.
FEASIBILITY STUDY OF POLYMER-BASED BENDING DEVICES MANUFACTURED VIA MATERIAL EXTRUSION ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING FOR SMALL-BATCH PRODUCTION AND PROTOTYPING
This research explores the technical viability of utilising Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing (AM) technology for the fabrication of bending devices. The primary objective of this undertaking is to investigate the potential for decreasing production costs and accelerating lead times. The present study builds upon the findings of earlier investigations by means of an examination of the performance of polymer-based devices, which had previously been subjected to finite element analysis (FEA). The method advances the field by using a polymer-based die. The findings suggest that this method has potential application in small-batch production and prototyping, with a consistency between the experimental results and the predictions made via finite element analysis.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MODELING AND SIMULATION OF A BIPED WALKING ROBOT
This study presents the modeling and simulation of a biped walking robot using MathWorks® simulation tools. The project focuses on developing a parametric and dynamic model that accurately represents the mechanical structure, joint kinematics, and actuator behavior of a bipedal robot. The methodology involves 3D modeling of the robot’s components, simulation of foot–ground contact forces, and comparative analysis of different actuation strategies—motion-based, torque-driven, and motor-based systems. By integrating mechanical, electrical, and control subsystems, the study evaluates trade-offs between model fidelity and simulation speed. Results indicate that while motor-actuated models provide higher physical realism, they significantly increase computational complexity. The work also highlights the importance of appropriate damping, force modeling, and control architecture (PID) for ensuring stable gait dynamics. Future developments include hardware implementation, enhanced actuator modeling, and machine learning approaches for optimizing walking performance.
MODERN APPLICATION OF INERT OPEN-CELL POROUS CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR DESIGNING NON-CONVENTIONAL SELF-ASPIRANTING BURNERS
The paper refers to the application of inert porous ceramic materials with large open pores in the construction of porous burners, capable of contributing to increasing the combustion stability, increasing the combustion speed, and reducing nitrogen oxide emissions (NO and NO2). Two categories of porous ceramic materials were considered adequate for this purpose. A glass foam obtained by expansion of the glass waste and coal fly ash used the capacity of SiC as an expansion product to produce the suitable permeable body for the burning area of fuel-air mix. The method for making this porous piece had a special character of originality, the sintering/expanding heating being obtained through an own unconventional microwave heating technique, preponderantly direct and partially indirect. The porous ceramic piece for the combustion zone was procured from Germany. Testing the burner equipped with the two ceramic pieces confirmed the viability of the innovative solution.
GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE MADE THROUGH PARTIAL REPLACING FLY ASH AND SLAG WITH CHEAPER AND LESS USED WASTE PRECURSORS
The research presented in this paper was focused on making a geopolymer composite characterized by the large replacement of the most commonly used alumina-silicate precursors (carbon ash and processed metallurgical slag) with cheaper and less commonly utilized wastes. Thus, clay brick waste, residual building concrete, and flat glass waste resulted from building demolition were introduced in manufacturing mixture after reducing the carbon ash and slag content. Many previous works in the literature have confirmed that carbon ash and metallurgical slag are the most suitable industrial secondary products usable in the preparing process of geopolymer composites, but their intense demand has contributed to the trend of increasing their price. Numerous alternative materials with cementitious and pozzolanic properties available in the world offer the possibility of using them for similar purposes. Even if applying these wastes does not result in reaching the qualitative level of carbon ash/slag-based geopolymer, their appropriate combination is beneficial and the current work used different experimental versions including clay brick, residual concrete, and flat glass resulted from building demolition, associated with significantly reduced consumption of ash and slag.
ON SOME ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION OF NONCONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE LAST DECADE
The historical beginning of nonconventional technologies in Romania can be appreciated as the year 1954, when the Institute of Electrotechnical Research, created under the auspices of the Ministry of Electric Energy, was established in Timisoara. That's when the foundations were laid for the creation of the first Electrotechnologies laboratory in Romania at the Department of mechanical technologies (TM), UP Timisoara. After 20 years, the Center for Research in Nonconventional Technologies was established at the "Traian Vuia" Polytechnic Institute in Timisoara. In this paper, some references are made on the evolution of nonconventional technologies in Romania, with an emphasis on some developments from the last 10 years. Some novelties regarding modern applied technologies, based on energy concentration, such as 3D printing using metal powders, ultrasonic welding, are addressed in more detail. Some registered and certified invention patents in the field of nonconventional technologies are also recorded.
CO2 CAPTURE AND STORAGE IN CONCRETE GENERATED THROUGH EARLY-AGE CABONATION OF CALCIUM SILICATE HYDRATE
Recent global research on the sequestration and definitive storage of CO2 into concrete due to untimely carbonation of hydrated Ca2SiO4 (known as C-S-H), the most important phase of ordinary cement, has piqued the interest of authors of this paper. Limiting the gas footprint released into the atmosphere remains a very topical objective in the world and implicitly, also of the authors. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) added into starting mix as a partial substitute for cement has already been identified as the suitable option to reach the objective. Another very interesting effect has been experimentally highlighted in the direction of increasing the mechanical resistance particularly, at an early-age of the concrete preparation. Specific measurements carried out after only 6 hours has found very high values ​​of compression and flexural strength, close to the values ​​corresponding to the end of concrete curing process of 28 days. This procedure has not yet been finalized in technological terms in the world. Its importance lies in the possibility of manufacturing without CO2 emissions and utilizing the traditional Portland cement as the main binder for construction concrete in the current situation of world environmental crisis.
SUBMERGED FRICTION STIR PROCESSING OF EN AW 7075 ALUMINUM ALLOY
Friction stir processing is a process for processing metallic materials that aims to locally modify the microstructure and mechanical properties. Submerged friction stir processing aims to limit the process temperature by using a liquid working medium, so as to avoid thermal overloading of the processing tool and the materials to be processed. The paper presents experimental research carried out at ISIM Timisoara on submerged friction stir processing for the 5mm thick EN AW 7075 aluminum alloy. Processing experiments were carried out in single pass and in multiple passes, with positive results. The evaluation program of samples/test pieces taken from the processed materials included visual examination and penetrating radiation, macro- and microscopic structural analyses, as well as mechanical tensile and bending tests.
MANAGERIAL PERSPECTIVES ON BUILDING MAINTENANCE THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF NONCONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS
Building maintenance is undergoing a profound evolution, thanks to the integration of innovative technological solutions. The use of drones equipped with optical and thermal sensors, capable of integrating RGB imaging with infrared thermography and generating elaborate 3D models, opens new perspectives for the diagnosis and optimization of buildings. This method is not limited to the rapid detection of hidden defects and monitoring of energy performance, but also leads to a reduction in costs and risks associated with conventional inspections. At the same time, by detecting energy losses and improving decision-making, RGB-T 3D technology contributes to extending the lifespan of buildings and reducing carbon emissions. The paper analyzes the transition from the visible to the infrared spectrum, practical scenarios for using drones in audits and maintenance processes, but also the current limitations of these tools. Finally, the potential of three-dimensional aerial thermography to become a key element in modern building maintenance management is highlighted, with direct advantages for sustainability and the development of a more efficient and environmentally responsible built environment
OPTIMIZING THE SCAR PROCESS THROUGH NONCONVENTIONAL METHODS: APPLYING VIBRODIAGNOSTICS AND GENETIC ALGORITHMS FOR QUALITY IMPROVEMENT IN THE AUTOMOTIVE CHAIN
This paper explores the application of unconventional methods to optimize the Supplier Corrective Action Request (SCAR) process. The study proposes an innovative framework that integrates vibrodiagnostics for the early detection of defects at the source and genetic algorithms for optimizing supplier process parameters. Through case study analysis, the paper demonstrates how these technologies can identify root causes of non-conformities that remain undetected by traditional methods, leading to more precise corrective actions and durable quality improvements. The results indicate a significant reduction in the recurrence rate of defects and an increase in the overall efficiency of the supply chain.
LEVERAGING UNCONVENTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR PROCESS OPTIMIZATION IN KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATIONS
This paper aims to provide an in-depth analysis of how unconventional technologies and innovative solutions can play a crucial role in enhancing process quality within knowledge-based organizations. Facing the challenges brought by rapid digital transformation, these organizations need to optimize interconnected workflows while ensuring transparency, traceability, and compliance to international standards. Emerging technologies such as advanced Robotic Process Automation (RPA), Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, and collaborative digital platforms offer novel and effective ways to automate processes, enable real-time monitoring, and manage information intelligently. The study proposes an integrated conceptual framework that combines these unconventional technologies with innovative methods to boost operational efficiency, significantly reduce human errors, and enhance organizational flexibility and resilience. Additionally, it discusses the concrete challenges encountered during adoption—including technical, cultural, and managerial barriers—and offers practical strategies to overcome them. The findings deliver valuable recommendations for implementing and scaling these digital solutions, ultimately supporting sustainable performance and a continuous innovation culture in knowledge-driven environments.
Each technological method need to complete a technological process that represents an independent component which must, however, meet the precise requirements impose to the process equal system. The systemic approach tends to become a general method of thinking, pertaining to all sciences, yet having a particularly efficient impact on technological sciences. The essential character of the systemic approach consists in its preference for the whole over the component parts, on the one hand, and in the special attention it pays to the study of the constantly changing possible connections between the components of the system, on the other hand.
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS BASED ON IIOT FOR THE INTELLIGENT PACKAGING
The synthesis of mechatronic modules combining heterogeneous physical principles is an urgent task of modern engineering. The study focuses on the development and implementation of integrated solutions based on IIoT to optimize the operation of robotic manipulators intended for product packaging. A methodology for processing data at the level of IIoT endpoints is proposed to minimize the amount of transmitted information and increase the efficiency of the system. To solve the tasks, an unconventional approach was taken, identifying certain methods of mathematical modeling and optimization. Models and simulation methods were developed for processing information on the endpoints of IІoT devices related to packaging equipment, aiming to reduce the amount of data transmitted and stored in IIoT systems. In the paper, based on the research results, a study was conducted on the influences of various parameters on the accuracy of dosing and recommendations were developed for optimizing the process.
ON THE STRENGTH AND FRIABILITY OF SERIES PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED BY DIRECT COMPRESSION OF NON-METALLIC GRANULES
The aim Automation is essential in mass production. In the case of products obtained by direct compression of non-metallic powders, along with measures to increase productivity, there is a risk of reducing their quality. The present research represents an unconventional approach to the methodology of studying the friability of pharmaceutical tablets obtained by pressing the filling powders, in correlation with the working regime. The experiment used contributes to determining the impact of the compression cycles and the speed of the rotary table on the strength and friability of the tablets and other qualitative characteristics. The study enables the optimization of manufacturing technologies of pharmaceutical tablets, respecting the strict quality conditions imposed. The modernization of manufacturing technologies involves new approaches to scientific research in the field.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF 3D PRINTING PIECES WITH FILAMENT AND POWDER
This comparative study explores the impact of 3D printing technologies using filament and powder on dimensional accuracy, within the context of Industry 4.0 and rapid prototyping. In an era where efficiency and sustainability are essential, the analysis focuses on how these methods contribute to additive manufacturing processes, facilitating the rapid development of functional prototypes. The use of 3D scanners for precise measurements allows for the evaluation of part quality, highlighting the advantages of each technology in adapting to modern industrial requirements. The study emphasizes the importance of selecting the appropriate printing technology based on project specifications, thereby promoting not only innovation but also a reduced ecological impact through optimized material and resource utilization. This research contributes to a better understanding of the role of 3D printing in transforming industrial processes and supporting a circular economy.
AN OVERVIEW OF NANOPARTICLES: METHODS OF OBTAINING, APPLICATIONS AND CHARACTERISTICS
Lately, the term of “Nanotechnology” becomes very popular. This combines different representations and interpretations of action methods on materials. It means, before proceeding to characterization, methods of obtaining and applications, it is necessary to clarify about which dimensions will be further discussed. Is clear, that the term of “Nanotechnology” becomes obtained from two words: “nano” that means looking into a scale of billionth part (10-9) and “technology” – the application of knowledge in practice. So hard to imagine these dimensions and to clarify a little, it’s important to mention that the thinnest atom of Hydrogen has a diameter of a 10-10 m and especially the DNA spiral has the diameter of 1 nm. So, nanotechnology can be defined as a set of technics and methods, based on manipulation with atoms and molecules in a scale from 1 to 100 nm. The usage of special characteristics of materials in a scale of some couples of nanometers discovers new possibilities of development of process technologies in a strong link with electronics, material study, chemistry, medicine, mechanics and a lot of science branches. Obtaining new materials and development of new methods conduits to a technic-scientific revolution in information technology, obtaining new construction materials, producing medical preparations, construction of super exact devices etc. The overview in the following paper is designed to facilitate informed people and a reference for researchers and professionals regarding the know-how transfer, multidisciplinary collaboration and further development of methods of obtaining, applications and characterization on nanomaterials.
INFLUENCE OF POLYMER TYPE ON TOLERANCE IN ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED BENDING DIES
This research paper explores the influence of different polymer materials on the tolerance and performance of additively manufactured bending dies used in sheet metal forming. Traditional bending dies, commonly made from high-strength metals like steel, are both time-consuming and costly to produce, especially for small-batch or custom parts. Additive manufacturing (AM), specifically 3D printing, offers a cost-effective alternative by utilising polymers for the dies. The study employs Finite Element Analysis (FEA) using ANSYS software to compare the performance of polymer-based dies against conventional metal dies. It examines various parameters, including sheet thickness, material elasticity, and deformation behaviour during the bending process. The results highlight that while polymer dies show greater elastic deformation and springback compared to metal dies, certain materials like PLA and PET provide superior performance in terms of dimensional accuracy and durability.
CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING DEFECTS THAT MAY OCCUR DURING FSP/SFSP PROCESSING OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS
The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the defect phenomena associated with friction stir processing (FSP) and submerged friction stir processing (SFSP) of aluminium alloys. The investigation systematically addresses the origins, typologies, and implications of both surface and internal defects observed in rolled and cast aluminium alloys subjected to these advanced solid-state processing techniques. Key factors influencing defect formation, including tool geometry, process parameters, intrinsic material characteristics, and environmental conditions, are critically examined. The review further delineates material-specific responses to FSP/SFSP and highlights the challenges posed by initial microstructural inhomogeneities and compositional variations. Strategies for defect prevention are discussed, emphasizing the importance of optimized tool design, precise process control, and the integration of post-processing treatments. The findings underscore the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach - encompassing rigorous material pre-characterization, controlled processing environments, and adaptive monitoring systems - to ensure structural integrity and enhanced mechanical performance of processed components. This work advances the understanding of defect mechanisms in FSP/SFSP and offers evidence-based guidelines for the production of high-quality, high-performance aluminium alloy components suitable for demanding engineering applications.
RESEARCH ON SUBMERGED FRICTION STIR PROCESSING OF EN AW 6082 ALUMINUM ALLOY
Submerged friction stir processing (SFSP) is a variant of processing the surfaces of metallic materials that uses the liquid medium to ensure a process temperature that does not thermally overload the materials to be processed or the processing tool. SFSP processing aims at local modification of the properties of the materials to be processed. The paper presents results of experimental research carried out at ISIM Timisoara on submerged friction stir processing (SFSP) of the 5mm thick EN AW 6082 aluminum alloy. In the SFSP processing experiments, multiple processing rows were performed with their partial overlap. The evaluation of the processed material consisted of visual examination and with penetrating radiation, structural analysis, mechanical tensile tests and bending tests, positive results the results being achieved.
MODIFYING THE ADHESION OF A POLYURETHANE COMPOSITE USABLE AS INSULATION ANTICORROSIVE AND ANTIFOULING ON A METAL SURFACE DEPENDING ON THE NATURE OF THE METAL SURFACE TREATMENT
Considering that high-tonnage industrial landmarks - such as pipelines for transporting hydrocarbons from offshore to the shore - cannot be made from expensive types of steel such as stainless steel based on chromium alloys which could provide a satisfactory anti-corrosion protection but not an anti-fouling one, is the use of adequate insulation. The insulation is a non-metallic, polymeric material, that is deposited on the metal surface. It can be initially in the form of a liquid that is deposited through a painting process or in the form of strips of an elastic material that wrap around the metal pipe. The technological process of isolation after the manufacture of the metal landmark it has both an economic advantage - it is cheaper to insulate a metal landmark made of a cheaper variety of steel as well as technologically, since through adequate modification of the insulation material both anti-corrosion protection and anti-fouling protection are achieved. The only problem that needs to be solved is the realization of a proper adhesion of the insulation on the metal surface it protects. In the current paper, the doctoral student proposed to highlight the effect of various surface treatments on the adhesion of the protective composite on the metal surface.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOME INPUT FACTORS IN THE LASER BEAM CUTTING PROCESS ON THE SURFACE ROUGHNESS
Laser beam cutting of metallic workpieces is a frequently used process nowadays, due to the possibilities of cutting according to predetermined contours and the relatively small size of the slit width resulting from cutting. The heights of surface asperities resulting from cutting depend on the values ​​of some input factors in the cutting process. To obtain more information on the influence of some input factors in the laser beam cutting process on the surface roughness achieved by laser beam cutting, experiments were carried out in which the values ​​of the laser beam power, cutting speed, gas pressure, and pulse frequency, respectively, were changed. The experimental results were mathematically processed, being established empirical mathematical models capable of highlighting the direction and intensity of the influence exerted by the input factors considered on the value of the roughness parameter Ra, for the two distinct areas of the surface resulting from laser beam cutting. If in the case of the area of ​​penetration of the laser beam into the test sample, the factor with the greatest influence is the power of the laser beam, in the case of the surface through which the beam exits the test sample, the greatest influence is exerted by the frequency of the laser pulses.
The community of researchers in the field of nonconventional technologies and related topics is now in between the fondly remembered 2024 ICNcT Conference in Bucharest and the exciting upcoming 2025 ICNcT Conference in Timișoara. As papers from 2024 are still being published, the Nonconventional Technologies Review maintains its commitment to high quality research that can contribute to the overall competitiveness and innovativeness of the manufacturing sector in Romania and internationally. The four issues to be published this year represent a showcase of the preoccupations, capabilities and results obtained in the area of manufacturing technologies, while also integrating emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, digital twins and additive manufacturing. A special mention should be given to the AI solutions that are developing extremely fast and have the capability to infuse all sectors, including our own, with a new wave of creativity and original problem-solving approaches under conditions of extreme performance with respect to time and necessary means.
CLASSIC AND MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DESIGN AND PROCESSING OF A PART WITH MEDIUM DIAMETERS BASED ON MEASUREMENTS IN 3D COORDINATES
The present paper presents a parallel between the classic and modern technologies used to obtain a part with medium diameters. The part for which this case study is done is a planetary end. To obtain the benchmark, the following is used: the CTXBeta1250 4A machining centre, which is a turning centre with two main-motor shafts (main and secondary) ISM 76, with a power of 25/32 KW (33.5/42.88hp) (100/40%d.c.). The machining procedure is designed for both classic cutting machines and CNCs. The measurement is performed on the Mitutoyo 9106 measuring machine according to the measurement procedure and will allow the recording of: limit deviation, limit size, control limits and means of measurement. All the technological flow presented is based on quality assurance and all operations are accompanied by a procedure that ensures the traceability of the entire process of making the part.
INFLUENCE OF WELDING PARAMETERS ON WELD BEAD GEOMETRY IN LASER BEAM WELDING OF CARBON STEEL ST 37
Laser beam welding (LBW) is a non-conventional joining technology widely used in industry due to its advantages, such as a small heat-affected zone (HAZ) and high precision. Welding quality is influenced by several parameters, including welding speed, shielding gas flow rate, and the distance between the components being welded. This study aims to investigate the influence of welding parameters on weld bead geometry and HAZ in the laser beam welding of carbon steel St 37, without filler material. The paper demonstrates the importance of optimizing welding parameters to achieve a high-quality weld in carbon steel St 37. Laser welding experiments were conducted using an XT Laser 1.5kW Handheld Fiber Laser Welding Machine, mounted on a monoaxial automatic displacement device. Welding parameters such as welding speed, argon flow rate, and distance between the welded plates were varied, while keeping other parameters constant. The dimensions of the welded bead and HAZ were measured on cross-sections of the welded specimens. The experimental results showed that the dimensions of the weld bead and HAZ increase with decreasing welding speed and increasing argon flow rate. The distance between the welded plates negatively influences the shape of the bead; an excessive distance leads to a concave bead profile with reduced mechanical strength. These findings emphasize the need for precise control of welding parameters to achieve high-quality joints.
TECHNOLOGICAL FLOW IN ULTRASONIC WELDING OF COPPER CONDUCTORS USED IN THE AUTOMOTIVE FIELD
Ultrasonic welding is the new method used in industry for a wide range of operations: assembly of wire harnesses and heavy cables for cars, trucks and industrial machines, assembly of solar cells that constitute solar panels, welding of larger metal parts, spot welding - including wire-to-terminal welding - in a single impulse, fast and clean joining of thin aluminium and copper foils and last but not least the precise crimping and sealing of copper and aluminium tubes. The current work wants to present this system by presenting a case study. Compared to crimping or pressure welding, this process offers numerous advantages. In addition to the excellent electrical properties of the joint and extremely low energy consumption, this method is particularly characterized by complete process control and process data management.
INFLUENCE OF LASER WELDING PARAMETERS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF JOINTS BETWEEN S355 CARBON STEEL AND 304 STAINLESS STEEL
Joining carbon steel S355 with stainless steel 304 is a common challenge in industrial equipment manufacturing, and laser welding presents itself as a modern technological solution with high potential. This unconventional technique offers significant advantages in terms of precision, speed, and process control. Our study aims to assess the feasibility of laser welding for these materials, focusing on determining the optimal process parameters. We analyzed how different parameters - such as laser power, pulse frequency, wire feed speed, and laser beam travel speed - affect the shape and depth of the weld bead. The experiments conducted demonstrated that variables such as laser pulse frequency, wire feed speed, and wire diameter play a crucial role in weld quality. We observed, for instance, that an excessive wire feed speed can lead to porosity in the weld seam. By identifying the optimal welding configuration, our work contributes to the development of efficient and reliable methods for joining these two types of steel, offering a high-performance alternative to conventional techniques.
EMPIRICAL METHODS IN THE EVALUATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES
: Experimental or empirical modeling is used in the study of processing processes using unconventional technologies. Empirical modeling means finding mathematical formulas that link the various sizes called influence factors to measured sizes or related to them through calculations called objective functions. The paper presents the particular aspects of the application of experimental modeling in the industrial environment. This differs from the one in research projects because it narrows the researched experimental field and requires the rapid obtaining of some results in order to make some decisions. An experimental modeling for laser cutting for glass-fibre epoxy sheets was carried out. The organization of the experimental plan is presented. A complete factorial experimental design 22 was expanded into classical experimental series and an experimental design 23. The experiments carried out showed that the main factors that intervene in the process to achieve the penetration of the material and establish the shape of the cut are the cutting speed and the thickness of the material.
NONCONVENTIONAL RADIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES AND PROCESSES USED FOR NEUROSURGERY IN CORRELATION WITH INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROTECTION WITH DIRECT APPLICATION IN HEALTHCARE ORGANIZATION
Nonconventional radiology systems have evolved significantly through the integration of PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) technology, which has revolutionized the way in which images captured by CT, MRI, radiology devices are stored, distributed and accessed. PACS facilitates the efficient management of radiological CT images, providing fast and secure access to patient data. This work considerably simplifies the process of diagnosis and planning of neurosurgical treatment. This IT solution can integrate and structuring medical data in an organized manner. Using this nonconventional system, human errors can be reduced and communication between specialists can be improved. The integration of this system with the neuronavigation system, represents a major innovation in the medical field. This nonconventional system allows neurosurgeons to perform complex surgical interventions with increased precision using three-dimensional images of the patient’s skull. By integrating the Nonconventional PACS system, with neuronavigation, we can quickly extract detailed and relevant images from the database. This may facilitate more precise preoperative planning of neurosurgical interventions. This innovative combination is incredibly valuable in complex medical cases, where accuracy and promptness are essential. The combined use of these technologies allows a better visualization of the anatomical structures that follow to be approached surgically as well as the trajectory of the instrument used in real time. Having these landmarks reduces the risks associated with surgical interventions and may increase the operator's success rate. Integrating the Nonconventional radiology system and the PACS data network with the neuronavigation system represents an important step toward more advanced and personalized medicine. Using this nonconventional system, the quality of the medical surgical act can be improved.